History
Criteria include voyaging to the Arctic Circle to perform the following:
In 2001, the research program began. The seismological data was reviewed. The history was studied. The astronomy and satellite data was scrutinized. The personal testimony of dozens of explorers was gathered and analyzed. The physics of the current structure of the Earth was calculated and recalculated.
At the end of the study, there was still not enough data to disprove the theory that the Earth might be hollow. In fact, the evidence that the Earth might be hollow became so numerous, that planning for an expedition to the Arctic region as a process for proof of the hypothesis became necessary. The work to assemble a science team began in 2004. By 2005 the plans for an expedition using the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker were formulated. Steven Currey Expeditions headed the team and began collecting scientists and engineers from around the world.
By 2005, the team had grown to 22 members, but required 100 members to fund the voyage. In 2006, Steven Currey tragically passed away and was succeeded by launch manager and PhD Physicist, Brooks Agnew. Dr. Agnew’s great, great grandfather is the Scottish explorer credited with the discovery of the Magnetic North Pole. Dr. Agnew is continuing the family tradition of Arctic exploration by searching for the North Pole Inner Earth opening to the core.
Science
Geologists have been aided by Internet linking of seismographic accelerometers to conduct a CAT Scan of the Earth each time there is an earthquake. Of course, like most modern scientists, they mold the data to fit their current paradigm. The more than 600,000 seismograms have been recently analyzed by Dr. Michael Wysessions and revealed an entire ocean underneath the Atlantic Ocean. Jan Lambrecht authored a reanalysis of the seismographic data and revealed an Earth that looks quite different than the one being taught to geological students today. One with a hollow core.
3D illustrations of the Earth’s inner core structure and the texturing of its iron crystals. The transparent outer surface is the inner core boundary (at radius 1220 km). The opaque inner sphere is the inner core (slightly less than half of the inner core radius) found in this study. The sticks represent the alignments of iron crystals in the outer part of the inner core. The longer the stick is, the higher the degree of alignment is and the stronger the seismic anisotropy is. The fast direction is parallel to the spin axis. This illustration is a 3D view. The labels NP and SP stands for the North Pole and the South Pole, respectively. The anisotropy at the top 100 km is weak. The anisotropy at greater depth is stronger in the western part than in the eastern part. The form of anisotropy in the inner inner core is different from that in the outer part. Credit: Illustrations by Precision Graphics
Geologists at the University of Illinois have confirmed the discovery of Earth’s inner, innermost core, and have created a three-dimensional model that describes the seismic anisotropy and texturing of iron crystals within the inner core.
“For many years, we have been like blind men touching different parts of an elephant,” said U. of I. geologist Xiaodong Song. “Now, for the fist time, we have a sense of the entire elephant, and see what the inner core of Earth really looks like.”
Using both newly acquired data and legacy data collected around the world, Song and postdoctoral research associate Xinlei Sun painstakingly probed the shape of Earth’s core. The researchers report their findings in a paper accepted for publication in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Composed mainly of iron, Earth’s core consists of a solid inner core about 2,400 kilometers in diameter and a fluid outer core about 7,000 kilometers in diameter. The inner core plays an important role in the geodynamo that generates Earth’s magnetic field.
The solid inner core is elastically anisotropic; that is, seismic waves have different speeds along different directions. The anisotropy has been found to change with hemisphere and with radius. In the latest work, Sun and Song describe another anomaly – a global structure – found within the inner core.
“To constrain the shape of the inner core anisotropy, we needed a uniform distribution of seismic waves traveling in all directions through the core,” Sun said. “Since the seismic waves we studied were generated by earthquakes, one challenge was acquiring enough seismic waves recorded at enough stations.”
In their analysis, Sun and Song used a three-dimensional tomography technique to invert the anisotropy of the inner core. They parameterized the anisotropy of the inner core in both radial and longitudinal directions. The researchers then used a three-dimensional ray tracing method to trace and retrace the seismic waves through the inner core iteratively.
What they found was a distinct change in the inner core anisotropy, clearly marking the presence of an inner inner core with a diameter of about 1,180 kilometers, slightly less than half the diameter of the inner core.
The layering of the core is interpreted as different texturing, or crystalline phase, of iron in the inner core, the researchers say.
“Our results suggest the outer inner core is composed of iron crystals of a single phase with different degrees of preferred alignment along Earth’s spin axis,” Sun said. “The inner inner core may be composed of a different phase of crystalline iron or have a different pattern of alignment.”
Although the anisotropy of the inner core was proposed 20 years ago, “this is the first time we have been able to piece everything together to create a three-dimensional view,” Song said. “This view should help us better understand the character, mineral properties and evolution of Earth’s inner core.”
Source: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Newton's Theory of Gravity
Newton's theory of gravity inside of spheres has been applied to the idea planets form as hollow spheres. The formula is as follows:
Again, Newton's math assumes that a thick shell body may be considered as many concentric thin shells. The force contribution from each thin shell is: Again, by assuming uniform body density considerations (this time for a volume rather than a surface area), the mass of a thin shell with radius R and thickness dR is: Therefore,
Further, assuming all of the shells with R > r have no effect on the observer, the second term drops out:
If, and only if, the density is constant throughout the body, ρ(R) = ρ and
In general, for constant ρ:
The factors and are simply the mass M of each thick shell.
Newton's gravity proof, of course, lacks empirical data for large thick spheres. The hypothesis that the thin sphere equation, simply repeated over and over again for each location within the thick sphere is certainly convenient for mathematicians, but does not consider the interactions between the mass outside the circumference of that sphere and the mass inside the circumference of that sphere where density is not uniform, not where encapsulated, counter-rotating bodies may be exist concentrically on the interior of the sphere. Alignment of the flux and harmonics or dissidence caused by the potential between the two bodies both complicate the calculations and may explain why empirical data does not appear to support the mathematical conclusions. The mass at the tangent of any sphere will accelerate toward the center of that sphere, but if not allowed to do so by the density of that sphere, like a concrete floor for instance, there is a point load and vectored loads that extend conically outward from the source of that contact, like a Christmas tree beneath the object placed onto the floor. This is actually the body of forces to be considered in the equation, and not the area or the circumference of the entire sphere, which mathematically would cancel all forces to zero. In fact, with very large diameters, and very thick layers in the sphere, the forces are much more linear and are mitigated by the square of the distance the same way two separate gravitational bodies M1 and M2 in the equations below: The mechanisms of Newton's law of universal gravitation; a point mass m1 attracts another point mass m2 by a force F2 which is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them. Regardless of masses or distance, the magnitudes of |F1| and |F2| will always be equal. G is the gravitational constant. Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation is a physical law describing the gravitational attraction between bodies with mass. That is to say, the radius (r) is actually the distance between the measurement point and all points inside the body of the sphere. Thus, the Mass (m) in the equation is not vectored, but rather is linear in large bodies. This is supported by deep drilling operations, which were impossible in Newton’s day. This empirical evidence shows that even after 8 miles into the crust, the weight of the steel hanging from the Kelly (the brake holding the steel back from collapsing into the well) increases with each foot let into the hole. If Newton’s thin-crust theory did hold true for thick-shelled spheres, the steel should be weightless some distance into the crust. The evidence indicates this in not the case. It is empirically available that if the steel of the drilling operation were cut loose from the rig and allowed to fall deep into the hole, it would not float like a man in space, but would crumple irretrievably in the bottom of the deepest hole imaginable.
Or would it? If the hole were drilled completely through the thick crust of the gravitational sphere, into the void of the sphere, would the drill head float weightless inside the sphere, or would it accelerate toward the nearest circumference? Or, upon further consideration, would it float to the epicenter of the sphere, where gravity and centrifugal forces are at an absolute minimum? Or, would it compress in the center, accelerating toward the center of the crust from the inside and the outside?
Conclusion
The answer is that is has never been attempted, and that currently there does not appear to be enough technology to test the theory. It is proposed that an expedition be mounted to the Arctic Region to test the theory that gravity inside the Earth cancels the way Newton's thin-shell sphere formula would denote.
New Hypothesis
Planets form as hollow spheres, rather than as solid balls, and there is significant gravity on the inside of the crust.
Experiment
- Sample the physical and chemical properties of the region as all reasonable depths and altitudes.
- Survey the sea floor for anomalies and geologies
- Survey marine life for evidence of foreign or unique life forms
- Validate the planet core geology inasmuch as sampling methods
The discovery that the earth is hollow would forever shatter our long-held beliefs about how planets are formed. More importantly, however, discovering life beneath the earth's crust could potentially provide us with new tools that would allow life on the surface to regain environmental balance, harmony, and possibly even peace. These prospects make the North Pole Inner Earth Expedition the greatest expedition in the history of the world.
Learn more or even donate to the expedition on their website!
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